The visual guide to
AP® Human Geography
7 units, 108 topics. Each topic is explained in writing, drawn as a lesson you can watch, and checked with practice questions.
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Each unit is as wide as its share of the exam's multiple-choice section.Filled: topics you've opened.
Unit 1Thinking Geographically
- Reference Maps and Thematic Maps
- Map Projections and Distortion
- Choropleth, Dot, and Graduated Symbol Maps
- GIS, Satellite Navigation, and Remote Sensing
- Qualitative and Quantitative Geographic Data
- The Power of Geographic Data
- Location, Site, Situation, and Place
- Distance Decay and Time-Space Compression
- Clustered, Dispersed, and Random Patterns
- Environmental Determinism and Possibilism
- Scales of Analysis and the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem
- Formal, Functional, and Perceptual Regions
Unit 2Population and Migration Patterns and Processes
- Physical and Human Factors in Population Distribution
- Arithmetic, Physiological, and Agricultural Density
- Carrying Capacity and the Provision of Services
- Reading a Population Pyramid
- Sex Ratio and Age Structure Across Regions
- The Dependency Ratio
- Crude Birth Rate, Crude Death Rate, and Total Fertility Rate
- Rate of Natural Increase and Doubling Time
- The Demographic Transition Model
- The Epidemiological Transition
- Malthusian Theory and Its Critics
- Pronatalist and Antinatalist Population Policies
- Women, Education, and Fertility Decline
- Ravenstein's Laws of Migration
- Aging Populations and Their Consequences
- Push Factors, Pull Factors, and Intervening Obstacles
- Forced and Voluntary Migration
- Political, Economic, and Cultural Effects of Migration
Unit 3Cultural Patterns and Processes
- Culture Traits, Complexes, and Regions
- Cultural Relativism and Ethnocentrism
- Reading a Cultural Landscape
- Sequent Occupance
- Ethnic Neighborhoods, Gender, and the Use of Space
- Sense of Place and Placemaking
- Language, Religion, and Ethnicity as Cultural Forces
- Relocation and Expansion Diffusion
- Hierarchical, Contagious, and Stimulus Diffusion
- Colonialism, Trade, and Creolization
- Globalization, Media, and Time-Space Convergence
- Language Families, Dialects, and Toponyms
- Universalizing and Ethnic Religions
- Acculturation, Assimilation, Syncretism, and Multiculturalism
Unit 4Political Patterns and Processes
- States, Nations, and Nation-States
- Stateless Nations, Multinational States, and Autonomous Regions
- Sovereignty and Self-Determination
- Colonialism, Independence, and the Modern Political Map
- Neocolonialism, Shatterbelts, and Choke Points
- Territoriality
- Six Types of Political Boundaries
- Defining, Delimiting, Demarcating, and Administering a Boundary
- Maritime Boundaries and the Law of the Sea
- Voting Districts and Redistricting
- Gerrymandering
- Unitary and Federal States
- Devolutionary Factors
- Devolution, Supranationalism, and Challenges to Sovereignty
- Consequences of Centrifugal and Centripetal Forces
Unit 5Agriculture and Rural Land-Use Patterns and Processes
- Climate Regions and What They Let You Farm
- Intensive and Extensive Farming Practices
- Clustered, Dispersed, and Linear Rural Settlement
- Metes and Bounds, Township and Range, and Long Lots
- Agricultural Hearths and Domestication
- The Columbian Exchange
- The Second Agricultural Revolution
- The Green Revolution
- Subsistence, Commercial, and Monoculture Production
- Bid-Rent Theory
- Commodity Chains and Economies of Scale
- The Von Thunen Model
- The Global System of Agriculture
- Environmental Effects of Agricultural Land Use
- GMOs, Aquaculture, and Sustainability Debates
- Food Insecurity, Food Deserts, and Distribution
- Women in Agriculture
Unit 6Cities and Urban Land-Use Patterns and Processes
- Site and Situation in a City's Origin
- Transportation, Migration, and Policy as Drivers of Urbanization
- Suburbanization, Sprawl, Edge Cities, and Boomburbs
- Megacities and Metacities
- World Cities and the Global Urban Hierarchy
- The Rank-Size Rule and Primate Cities
- Christaller's Central Place Theory
- The Gravity Model of Interaction
- The Burgess Concentric Zone Model
- The Hoyt Sector and Multiple Nuclei Models
- The Galactic City and Latin American, Southeast Asian, and African Models
- Density, Residential Buildings, and Infilling
- Infrastructure and Uneven Development
- New Urbanism, Greenbelts, and Smart Growth
- Quantitative and Qualitative Urban Data
- Redlining, Blockbusting, and Segregation
- Urban Renewal, Gentrification, and Squatter Settlements
- Sprawl, Ecological Footprint, and Urban Growth Boundaries
Unit 7Industrial and Economic Development Patterns and Processes
- The Industrial Revolution and Its Diffusion
- Industrialization, Cities, and Class Structure
- Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary, and Quinary Sectors
- Weber's Least Cost Theory and Break-of-Bulk Points
- GDP, GNP, and GNI per Capita
- The Human Development Index
- Measures of Gender Inequality
- Women, Wages, and Microloans
- Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth
- Wallerstein's World System and Dependency Theory
- Complementarity, Comparative Advantage, and Trade Blocs
- Outsourcing, Special Economic Zones, and the New Division of Labor
- Post-Fordism, Agglomeration, and Growth Poles
- Sustainable Development, Ecotourism, and the SDGs