The visual guide to
AP® Chemistry
10 units, 156 topics. Each topic is explained in writing, drawn as a lesson you can watch, and checked with practice questions.
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Each unit is as wide as its share of the exam's multiple-choice section. Striped units aren't weighted on the exam.Filled: topics you've opened.
Unit 1Atomic Structure and Properties
- The Mole and Avogadro's Number
- Molar Mass and Dimensional Analysis
- Mass Spectra of Elements
- Average Atomic Mass from Abundances
- Percent Composition and Empirical Formulas
- Empirical versus Molecular Formulas
- Composition of Mixtures
- Coulomb's Law Inside the Atom
- Shells, Subshells, and Electron Configuration
- Photoelectron Spectroscopy
- Periodic Trends
- Valence Electrons and Ionic Compounds
Unit 2Compound Structure and Properties
- Types of Chemical Bonds
- Electronegativity and Bond Polarity
- Potential Energy and Internuclear Distance
- Bond Order, Length, and Energy
- Structure of Ionic Solids
- Lattice Energy and Coulomb's Law
- Structure of Metals
- Interstitial and Substitutional Alloys
- Lewis Diagrams
- Resonance and Formal Charge
- VSEPR and Molecular Geometry
- Hybridization and Molecular Polarity
Unit 3Properties of Substances and Mixtures
- London Dispersion Forces
- Dipole-Dipole Forces and Hydrogen Bonding
- Ion-Dipole and Interparticle Forces
- Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point
- Types of Solids and Their Properties
- Particulate Models of Solids, Liquids, and Gases
- Phase Changes and Phase Diagrams
- The Ideal Gas Law
- Partial Pressures and Mole Fraction
- Graphical Representations of Gas Behaviour
- Kinetic Molecular Theory
- Maxwell-Boltzmann Distributions
- Deviation from the Ideal Gas Law
- Solutions and Molarity
- Dilution and Stock Solutions
- Representations of Solutions
- Chromatography
- Distillation and Filtration
- Solubility
- Spectroscopy and the Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Properties of Photons
- Beer-Lambert Law
Unit 4Chemical Reactions
- Evidence of Chemical and Physical Change
- Balanced Chemical Equations
- Net Ionic Equations
- Representations of Reactions
- Physical and Chemical Changes
- Stoichiometry
- Limiting Reactant and Percent Yield
- Solution Stoichiometry
- Introduction to Titration
- Types of Chemical Reactions
- Introduction to Acid-Base Reactions
- Oxidation Numbers
- Redox Reactions and Half-Reactions
- Balancing Redox Equations
Unit 5Kinetics
- Reaction Rates
- Measuring Rate from Data
- Rate Law and Reaction Order
- Method of Initial Rates
- Concentration Changes Over Time
- Half-Life
- Elementary Reactions
- Collision Model
- Activation Energy and Temperature
- Reaction Energy Profile
- Introduction to Reaction Mechanisms
- Reaction Mechanism and Rate Law
- Pre-Equilibrium Approximation
- Multistep Reaction Energy Profile
- Catalysis
Unit 7Equilibrium
- Introduction to Equilibrium
- Direction of Reversible Reactions
- Reaction Quotient and Equilibrium Constant
- Calculating the Equilibrium Constant
- Magnitude of the Equilibrium Constant
- Properties of the Equilibrium Constant
- Kp and Kc for Gas Equilibria
- ICE Tables and Equilibrium Concentrations
- The Small-x Approximation
- Representations of Equilibrium
- Le Chatelier's Principle
- Pressure and Temperature Effects
- Reaction Quotient and Le Chatelier's Principle
- Solubility Equilibria and Ksp
- The Common-Ion Effect
Unit 8Acids and Bases
- Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
- Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs
- Autoionization of Water and Kw
- pH and pOH of Strong Acids and Bases
- Weak Acid Equilibria
- Weak Base Equilibria
- Percent Ionization
- Acid-Base Neutralization
- Salt Solutions and Hydrolysis
- Strong Acid-Strong Base Titration Curves
- Weak Acid-Strong Base Titration Curves
- Indicators and Polyprotic Acids
- Molecular Structure of Acids and Bases
- pH and pKa
- Properties of Buffers
- Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation
- Buffer Capacity
- pH and Solubility
Unit 9Thermodynamics and Electrochemistry
- Introduction to Entropy
- Absolute Entropy and Entropy Change
- Gibbs Free Energy and Thermodynamic Favorability
- Temperature and Thermodynamic Favorability
- Thermodynamic and Kinetic Control
- Free Energy and Equilibrium
- Free Energy of Dissolution
- Coupled Reactions
- Galvanic (Voltaic) Cells
- Electrolytic Cells and Cell Notation
- Standard Reduction Potentials
- Cell Potential and Free Energy
- Cell Potential Under Nonstandard Conditions
- Electrolysis
- Faraday's Law
Unit 10Laboratory Investigations and Science Practices
- Investigation 1: Spectroscopy
- Investigation 2: Spectrophotometry
- Investigation 3: Gravimetric Analysis
- Investigation 4: Designing a Titration
- Investigation 5: Chromatography
- Investigation 6: Bonding in Solids
- Investigation 7: Stoichiometry
- Investigation 8: Redox Titration
- Investigation 9: Physical and Chemical Changes
- Investigation 10: Kinetics and Rate of Reaction
- Investigation 11: Kinetics and Rate Laws
- Investigation 12: Calorimetry
- Investigation 13: Equilibrium and Le Chatelier's Principle
- Investigation 14: Acid-Base Titration Curves
- Investigation 15: Buffering Activity
- Investigation 16: Buffer Design
- Science Practice: Dimensional Analysis
- Science Practice: Measurement and Uncertainty
- Science Practice: Linearizing Data and Reading Slopes
- Science Practice: Particulate Drawings
- Science Practice: Experimental Design and Error Analysis